Background: In the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of many tissues, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values vary with age. In the literature, there are no studies in which Normal cervix ADC values and their relationship with age is analyzed. Objectives: To evaluate whether changes occur in ADC values with aging in the uterine cervix with 3-Tesla MRI. Patients and Methods: Female patients aged between 18 and 70 years who were found to have lower abdominal diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) in the radiology database from December 2017 to May 2018 were evaluated. All DWI examinations were performed using a 3-T MR with 2 b values (b = 50, 800 s/mm ). A total of 161 patients were divided into two groups according to their menopausal status (premenopausal n = 106, postmenopausal n = 55). To evaluate the correlation between the age of the patient and the ADC values, Pearson correlation analysis was performed. Results: The mean age of the patients was 41. 4-11. 6 years. The mean ADC value was 1. 276-0. 25 mm 2 in the whole population. There was a negative correlation between age and ADC values. The mean cervix ADC value of premenopausal and postmenopausal patients was 1. 333-0. 23 mm2-3 /sec 10 2 and 1. 165-0. 25 mm/sec 10-3, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in term of cervix ADC value (P < 0. 05). Conclusion: A negative correlation between aging and ADC values was found. Menopausal status has an effect on the ADC values of the cervix. These findings may indicate cellular and extracellular matrix changes in the cervix tissue with aging and menopausal status.

Objectives: The goal of our studywasto assess diffusion-weighted(DW)imagingandproton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy findings in osteosarcoma versus Normal muscle at 3 Tesla (3 T) MR system. Patients and Methods: Nineteen patients highly suspicious for osteosarcoma and 12 Normal young healthy adults were enrolled in this study. Two patients were excluded from the study due to incompatible histopathologic results. DW imaging and multivoxel proton MR spectroscopy at 3 T were performed for all participants. Surgical biopsy and histopathological examination were done for every patient after imaging. SPSS 20 was used for statistical analysis. Results: The minimum apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of osteosarcoma (0. 88 0. 28) in this study confirms the significant restriction of this tumor against the dark background of Normal muscle in high b-value images. Fourteen (82%) of the available 17 patients had ADC values 1 10-3 mm2/s. The maximum choline/creatine (Cho/Cr) ratio of osteosarcoma (1. 94 1. 12) was statistically higher than the Normal muscle (1. 34 0. 11). Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis (the area under the curve = 0. 7) indicated a maximum Cho/Cr ratio of 1. 37 as the cut point between the Normal muscle and osteosarcoma, with a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 58. 8%, 83. 3%, and 69%, respectively. All patients with Cho/Cr ratios more than the cut point had ADC values  1  10-3 mm2/s and all patients with ADC values higher than 1 10-3 mm2/s had Cho/Cr ratios 1. 37. Conclusion: It was concluded that DW imaging and proton MR spectroscopy are two effective noninvasive techniques in the evaluation of osteosarcoma.

Background: Prostate cancer is the third leading cause of death and is the most common cause of cancer in elderly men. Regarding to the low accuracy of screening methods such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) and trans rectal ultrasound (TRUS) in detection and localization of tumor, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) attracted many attentions in the past years. DWI reveals micro-molecular diffusion, which is the Brownian motion of the spins in biologic tissues. This technique can delineate pathologic lesions with high tissue contrast against generally suppressed background signal. In this paper, the value of DWI in detection of prostate cancer is studied.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the studied population are suspicious patients to prostate cancer based on high Prostatic Specific Antigen level or abNormal Digital Rectal Examination who refered for prostate biopsy to radiology department of Hazrate- Rasoul Hospital during the year 2011. The results of DWI are compared to biopsy results for all patients.Results: Eighty five patients are selected. The DWI sensitivity in detecting of prostate cancer is 100%, specificity 97.1% and positive and negative predictive values are 89.5% and 100%, respectively. The results showed that if DWI reports the prostate cancer as negative, the result was highly reliable and if it reports as positive, although the report was not 100% reliable, but it still had high reliability, more than 90%.Conclusion: DWI had high accuracy in detecting prostate cancer for patients with cancer. Also the accuracy of this method for patients without prostate cancer was acceptable compared to the other common methods.

In this paper, the diffusion coefficient in a Normal tissue and tumor are to be estimated by the method of inverse problems. At the beginning, distribution of drug (with the assumption of uniform and isentropic diffusion coefficient) in the tissue is considered as the direct problem. In the direct problem, the governing equation is the convection–diffusion, which is the generalized form of Fick’s law. Here, a source and a sink are defined; the source as the rate of solute transport per unit volume from blood vessels into the interstitial space and the sink as the rate of solute transport per unit volume from the interstitial space into lymph vessels are added to this equation. To solve the direct problem, the finite difference method has been considered. Additionally, the diffusion coefficient of a Normal tissue and tumor will be approximated by parameter estimation method of Levenberg-Marquardt. This method is based on minimizing the sum of squared errors which, in the present study considered error is the difference of the estimated concentration and the concentration measured by medical images (simulated numerically). Finally, the results obtained by Levenberg-Marquardt method have provided an acceptable estimation of diffusion coefficient in Normal tissue and tumor.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that begins most commonly in young adults and is characterized pathologically by multiple areas of central nervous system (CNS) white matter inflammation, demyelination, and glial scarring. The most valuable aid for diagnosis is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). New type of MRI has been developed on the basis of molecular diffusion which capable of detecting acute and active lesions. Early diagnosis and treatment is possible to stop or slowdown progression of disease. The aim of this study is to compare the findings of conventional and diffusion- weighted (DW) MRI in detection cerebral lesions of MS.Methods: Thirty patients with clinically definite MS and 30 healthy volunteers were studied in a descriptive-prospective survey over a twelve-month period of time.Conventional and DW MRI were used in both groups. Total number, morphology, location and the mean size of the intra-cerebral plaques of MS were compared between group. The sensitivity and the specificity of both imaging methods in detecting these plaques were determined.Results: Thirty patients with MS with the mean age of 32.76±8.79 years and 30 healthy individuals with the mean age of 32.75±9.23 years were enrolled. Plaque within the brain was significantly higher by the conventional method (P<0.05). Ovoid lesions were greater in number in the conventional method group. More lesions were detected by the conventional method in the areas of periventricle, centrum semiovale and corpus callosum. Regarding the size of plaque, the minimum measurement was significantly lower in the conventional method group. The sensitivity of both methods was 100%. The specificity of conventional and DW MRI was 86.6% and 96.6%, respectively.Conclusion: In our study the sensitivity of both methods was the same but the specificity of DW MRI was higher. DW MRI may detect lesions which are not detectable by the routine methods.

Introduction: Preoperative planning for glioma tumor resection and radiotherapy treatment requires proper delineation of the tumor and surrounding brain tumor regions. The present study aimed to investigate the importance of various diffusion parameters, especially the mean kurtosis (MK), in discriminating between recurrent tumors, edema, and Normal areas. Method: A total of 19 patients with high-grade glioma underwent postoperative diffusion imaging. The authors extracted diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) models to evaluate the data in manually delineated regions of interest (ROI) and used their derived parameters to characterize edema, tumor, and Normal brain areas. The Wilcoxon test was used to determine the significance of the parameters in the three groups: recurrent, edema, and Normal. Moreover, the Mann-Whitney test was employed to determine the significance between the two groups of recurrent and Normal, as well as between recurrent and edema. Results: Considering the p-value less than 0.05, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), mean diffusion (MD), and MK parameters were significantly different between some of the three groups. The ADC and MD indicated significant differences between the two recurrent and Normal groups, with P-values of 0.041 (P<0.05). In addition, there was a significant difference in MK between the two recurrent and Normal groups with P-values of 0.02 (P<0.05). Conclusion: diffusion parameters are promising in differentiating between recurrent and Normal areas in high-grade gliomas after surgery and after treatment

Introduction The staging of endometrial carcinoma is now performed based on postoperative pathological assessments. If the staging of the cancer could be possible with a preoperative non-invasive method, based on the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics system, a more appropriate treatment protocol can be recommended for patients. This study was performed aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion-weighted imaging in the staging of endometrial carcinoma, based on the postoperative histopathological reference standard. Methods This prospective study was conducted in 2016-2021 on 35 patients with endometrial cancer referred to Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad. The staging of endometrial cancer was performed based on MRI findings and pathological samples. The diagnostic value of MRI was calculated to distinguish stages 1 from 2 and 1A from 1B. The lesion dimensions in the MRI and the pathological samples were compared using independent-sample t-test and the lesion dimensions between different stages using the ANOVA test by SPSS (version 17). P<0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Results According to the findings of MRI and pathology, the majority of patients (93. 3%) were in stage 1, and 2 (6. 7%) were in stage 2. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value in differentiating stage 1 from stage 2 was 100%, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of MRI in differentiating IA from IB was 100%. Conclusion It seems that dMRI by DWI method can be used in the staging of endometrial tumors in the initial stages (stage 1 from 2 and IA from IB) with diagnostic value.

Background: Presurigical planning for glioma tumor resection and radiotherapy treatment require proper delineation of tumoral and peritumoral areas of brain. diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is the most common mathematical model applied for diffusion weighted MRI data. Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) is another mathematical model for DWI data modeling. Objective: We studied whether extracted parameters of DTI, and NODDI models can be used to differentiate between edematous, tumoral, and Normal areas in brain white matter (WM). Material and Methods: 12 patients with peritumoral edema underwent 3T multi-shell diffusion imaging with b-values of 1000 and 2000 smm-2 in 30 and 64 gradient directions, respectively. We fitted DTI and NODDI to data in manually drawn regions of interest and used their derived parameters to characterize edematous, tumoral and Normal brain areas. Results: We found that DTI parameters fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD) all significantly differentiated edematous from contralateral Normal brain WM (p<0. 005). However, only FA was found to distinguish between edematous WM fibers and tumor invaded fibers (p = 0. 001). Among NODDI parameters, the intracellular volume fraction (ficvf) had the best distinguishing power with (p = 0. 001) compared with the isotropic volume fraction (fiso), the orientation dispersion index (odi), and the concentration parameter of Watson distribution (κ ), while comparing fibers inside Normal, tumoral, and edematous areas. Conclusion: The combination of two diffusion based methods, i. e. DTI and NODDI parameters can distinguish and characterize WM fibers involved in edematus, tumoral, and Normal brain areas with reasonable confidence. Further studies will be required to improve the detectability of WM fibers inside the solid tumor if they hypothetically exist in tumoral parenchyma.